National Strategic Objective No. 1 of the National Planning Framework (NPF) first published in 2018 and revised in 2025 is ‘Compact Growth’. The NPF has, since 2018, included policies and objectives relating to ‘compact growth’, setting out the need to promote a more compact and sustainable approach to development patterns to counteract decades of sprawl.
In support of the National Planning Framework (NPF) objectives, the Sustainable Residential Development and Compact Settlements Guidelines for Planning Authorities, “the Settlement Guidelines” were issued in January 2024, as Ministerial Guidelines. Section 28 of the Planning and Development Act 2000, as amended, requires planning authorities and An Bord Pleanála (now An Coimisiún Pleanála) to have regard to Ministerial guidelines in the performance of their functions. Where the guidelines contain specific planning policy requirements (SPPRs), planning authorities and An Coimisiún Pleanála are required to comply with these requirements in the performance of their functions.
The Settlement Guidelines expand on higher-level policies of the NPF, setting policy and guidance in relation to the growth priorities for settlements, residential density, urban design and placemaking and development standards for housing. The Settlement Guidelines are one of a number of Section 28 Ministerial Guidelines that are concerned with sustainable forms of residential development and compact growth. Other Guidelines include the Planning Design Standards for Apartments, Guidelines for Planning Authorities, 2025 which set out national policy and standards for apartment development and the Urban Development and Building Height Guidelines for Planning Authorities 2018 which set out national policy considerations in relation to building height and provide a framework for a performance-based approach to the consideration of increased building height.
The Settlement Guidelines states that to achieve compact growth, it will also be necessary to increase the scale of new buildings in all parts of our cities and towns, with highest densities at the most central and accessible urban locations, particularly in city centres and close to public transport nodes and interchanges. The Settlement Guidelines contain density ranges that respond to settlement size (e.g. cities, towns and villages), general locality in each settlement (i.e. central areas, urban neighbourhoods and suburban areas/areas of urban extension) and access to public transport services. In smaller settlements, the Settlement Guidelines state that densities may be tailored to reflect local characteristics.
The Settlement Guidelines state that all density ranges should be further refined with regard to centrality and accessibly to services, public transport and site-specific considerations regarding character, amenity and the natural environment. This approach provides planning authorities with a degree of flexibility so they can operate a plan-led approach and take the circumstances of a plan area or an individual site into account as part of the decision making processes prescribed under the Planning and Development Act 2000 (as amended), or relevant parts of the Planning and Development Act 2024, once commenced.
The zoning of land for particular purposes is an exercise undertaken by local authorities as part of their overall statutory plan-making function. This takes place primarily through the local authority’s development plan. The power to make or vary a development plan is a reserved function and accordingly the decision to zone land for particular purposes rests with the elected members of each local authority in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Planning and Development Acts.
To ensure that local authority development plans reflect the requirements of the NPF in respect of housing as soon as possible, I issued the NPF Implementation: Housing Growth Requirements Guidelines under section 28 of the Planning and Development Act 2000 in July 2025. These Guidelines set out the housing demand scenario to 2040 for each local authority by translating the NPF housing requirements into average annual figures and require planning authorities to commence the process of varying their development plan to meet the new housing growth requirements.
In addition to the baseline housing growth requirement, planning authorities have been requested to address the scope for additional provision of up to 50% in excess of the baseline figure, in light of the urgent need to increase housing delivery, and to optimise the ability to deliver on the housing requirements of the NPF.
Planning authorities are currently assessing their respective development plans and undertaking a review of the adequacy of existing zoned lands in their functional area to cater for the new Housing Growth Requirements and the potential for ‘additional provision’.
The OPR maintains a database on its website outlining progress achieved by each planning authority in implementing the Housing Growth Requirements Guidelines. This is accessible at the following link: www.opr.ie/section-28-guidelines-npf-implementation-housing-growth-requirements/.
In due course, each local authority will begin the process for preparing new 10 year development plans in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Planning and Development Act 2024, which is currently being commenced on a phased basis.