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Wednesday, 25 Feb 2026

Written Answers Nos. 1-25

Climate Action Plan

Questions (1)

Ciarán Ahern

Question:

1. Deputy Ciarán Ahern asked the Taoiseach to provide details of all occasions in which he or his predecessors exercised the power conferred on them under Section 15(3) of the Climate Action & Low Carbon Development Act (2015), which states that ‘the relevant Minister may, from time to time, give a direction to a relevant body requiring it to adopt such measures as are specified in the direction for the purposes of compliance by the relevant body with subsection (1)’; to provide the details of the direction given in all cases. [15251/26]

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Written answers

Neither I or my predecessors have exercised the power conferred on the Taoiseach under Section 15(3) of the Climate Action & Low Carbon Development Act (2015).

Climate Action Plan

Questions (2)

Ciarán Ahern

Question:

2. Deputy Ciarán Ahern asked the Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade to provide details of all occasions in which she or her predecessors exercised the power conferred on them under Section 15(3) of the Climate Action & Low Carbon Development Act (2015), which states that ‘the relevant Minister may, from time to time, give a direction to a relevant body requiring it to adopt such measures as are specified in the direction for the purposes of compliance by the relevant body with subsection (1)’; to provide the details of the direction given in all cases; and if she will make a statement on the matter. [15243/26]

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Written answers

The Climate Action and Low Carbon Development Act 2015, and specifically Section 15(3), is intended to enforce compliance with national mitigation and adaptation plans, with oversight on implementation generally falling under the Department of the Environment, Climate and Communications. As the Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade operates within the national adaptation framework and sectoral plans rather than issuing specific operational directions under this section, there are no relevant bodies under my remit or that of my predecessors.

Foreign Policy

Questions (3)

Malcolm Byrne

Question:

3. Deputy Malcolm Byrne asked the Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade if Ireland's policy toward China remains that as reflected in the speech of her predecessor as Minister, Micheál Martin, as set out at an event (details supplied) in May 2023; and if she will make a statement on the matter. [15429/26]

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Written answers

Ireland has taken a consistent and balanced approach to China over a number of years. As my predecessor said in May 2023, and has been repeated many times since then, our relationship with China is one that we value and want to develop in a number of areas. At the same time, China’s worldview is different from ours. There are areas where our interests and values differ, and this shapes how we engage with one another.

Since 2023, people-to-people links – education, culture and tourism – have continued to expand. The economic relationship remains important with two-way trade reaching €39.3 billion in 2024 (the most recent year for which complete statistics are available). China continues to be Ireland's largest trading partner in Asia. The Government remains committed to supporting Irish businesses while working with EU partners on ensuring our economic security, advocating for mutually beneficial trade ties and a level playing field.

We have long recognised that there are issues where Ireland and China do not always agree. The speech which my predecessor as Minister for Foreign Affairs gave in 2023 identified a number of such areas of difference, which are of particular importance to Ireland. While all of these issues have evolved in certain ways since then, the main themes remain pertinent for our engagement with China.

These include our different stances on Russia’s illegal invasion of Ukraine; our concerns around the human rights situation in China, particularly around the National Security Law in Hong Kong, and the treatment of minorities in Xinjiang and elsewhere; and important issues in the wider EU-China relationship, particularly around trade and economic security. In this context, the Government remains committed to protecting our values and interests by developing our economic and systemic resilience. As was noted in 2023, this does not mean turning our backs on an economic, diplomatic and cultural relationship with China.

It is also important to emphasise that the Government does, and will continue to, work constructively with China on issues of global importance, such as addressing climate change; advancing sustainable development; and building a fair and open global trading and investment system.

The successful visit by the Taoiseach to Beijing and Shanghai in January this year was an important opportunity for a dialogue, based on our interests and values, across all these aspects of our relationship – political, economic, cultural, diplomatic and people-to-people ties. The Government is committed to building long-term, strategic relationships across the Asia Pacific region, including a constructive and mutually beneficial relationship with China.

Overseas Development Aid

Questions (4)

Malcolm Byrne

Question:

4. Deputy Malcolm Byrne asked the Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade if Ireland’s overseas development aid policies and projects include measures to increase access to artificial intelligence and other technologies; and if she will make a statement on the matter. [15509/26]

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Written answers

The Government's international development policy, A Better World, recognises that technologies are transforming human interactions, and the world. The needs of those that have been left furthest behind, and people who are at risk of becoming more marginalised, remain at the centre of our development programme. Digital technology has the ability to empower communities and foster economic opportunities and development. Yet these technologies are often not experienced equitably. In the poorest countries, only 27 per cent of the population is connected to the internet. In response we are constantly reviewing our development cooperation to contribute to collective efforts, to sustain the gains already made, and to adapt to the pace of global change.

In negotiations on the global governance of information technologies, Ireland emphasises the global digital gap between developed and developing nations, with a particular focus on the impact on women. We have supported access to global decision-making structures for representatives from countries which are vulnerable to the effects of new and emerging digital technologies, yet often lack a voice in discussions on norms and regulation.

Ireland also supports multilateral organisations including the United Nations Development Programme and UNESCO, which actively work to bridge the "digital divide" and enhance access to Artificial Intelligence, as well as leveraging this technology to find solutions for sustainable development. In the developing countries where we work, we are supporting specific projects and capacity building initiatives focused on information integrity and the risks of misinformation and disinformation.

Departmental Staff

Questions (5)

Roderic O'Gorman

Question:

5. Deputy Roderic O'Gorman asked the Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade when she is going to open the next third secretary competition; and if she will make a statement on the matter. [15594/26]

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Written answers

Third Secretary is a key recruitment level for the Irish diplomatic service and is an important step towards more senior positions in the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

The Department seeks to recruit as Third Secretaries graduates who have the necessary personal qualities, skills and attributes to undertake the demanding and varying responsibilities of the position, including representing Ireland abroad. A Third Secretary will typically be involved in a range of public policy work, including the preparation of analysis and research papers, preparing briefing material for Ministers and senior officials, organising and participating in meetings, liaising with Irish embassies, consulates and other diplomatic offices abroad and with other government departments and organisations, in addition to administrative tasks as required.

Publicjobs is the main provider of recruitment services to the Department and to the wider civil service. Competitions for Third Secretary are advertised on the Department’s website and on the publicjobs website which, through an email alert service, notifies potential candidates when jobs of interest to them are advertised. It is expected that a Third Secretary competition will be launched later in 2026.

Artificial Intelligence

Questions (6)

Ged Nash

Question:

6. Deputy Ged Nash asked the Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade to set out the policy in her Department regarding the use of artificial intelligence; whether AI is used or permitted in drawing up policy documents, speeches, answers to parliamentary questions, press releases or for other official documents; and if she will make a statement on the matter. [15618/26]

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Written answers

My Department is currently updating its Policy and Guidelines to staff on the use of AI. Its approach will be rooted in the Guidelines on the Responsible Use of AI in the Public Service

The policy will provide a refreshed framework for the appropriate use of AI technologies so as to identify the right use cases for AI, and enhance the quality of our public services, our efficiency and our productivity, and in so doing uphold ethical standards, fundamental rights, legal compliance and public trust.

Officials of my Department are not permitted to generate policy documents, speeches, answers to parliamentary questions, press releases or other published documents using AI tools.

Climate Action Plan

Questions (7)

Ciarán Ahern

Question:

7. Deputy Ciarán Ahern asked the Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment to provide details of all occasions in which he or his predecessors exercised the power conferred on them under Section 15(3) of the Climate Action & Low Carbon Development Act (2015), which states that ‘the relevant Minister may, from time to time, give a direction to a relevant body requiring it to adopt such measures as are specified in the direction for the purposes of compliance by the relevant body with subsection (1)’; to provide the details of the direction given in all cases; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [15237/26]

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Written answers

Although its share of emissions is relatively small nationally, the public sector plays a very important leadership role in delivering ambitious climate action across all aspects of its work.

This exemplar role is underpinned by Section 15 of the Climate Act, and the requirements thereunder have been reflected in the Public Sector Leading By Example chapter of successive Climate Action Plans.

Through the Climate Action Plans 2024 and 2025, commercial semi-state and public sector bodies are required to comply with the Climate Action Framework for the Commercial Semi-State Sector and the Public Sector Climate Action Mandate, respectively. The Framework and the Mandate consist of a series of climate action objectives. These incorporate areas such as green public procurement, circular economy, climate governance, buildings and transport and are designed to reduce emissions across the public sector.

As a further requirement under climate commitments contained in the Climate Action Plans, public bodies must also prepare Climate Action Roadmaps that set out a future facing plan of how they intend to comply with the Public Sector Mandate and outline any other key climate action bodies are undertaking to reduce emissions. These roadmaps are due annually following the publication of a new Public Sector Mandate.

This comprehensive set of measures ensures that as a government and a public sector, we are at the forefront of adopting best practices, and doing everything we can to further reduce emissions in the public sector.

Section 15(1) of the Climate Action and Low Carbon Development Act 2015, as amended, requires specific public bodies to perform their duties, in so far as practicable, in a manner consistent with a range of climate-policy instruments, including the most recently approved Climate Action Plan.

As per Section 15(3) of the Act, a relevant Minister may also require public bodies under their aegis to adopt specific measures for the purposes of compliance, by the relevant body, with the provisions of Section 15(1). Given the extensive range of measures and actions currently being undertaken by bodies under my aegis, and the strength and success of the Public Sector policies set out above, as Minister this is not something that I have been required to do to date and I am not aware of any such direction being issued by my predecessor.

Departmental Schemes

Questions (8)

Albert Dolan

Question:

8. Deputy Albert Dolan asked the Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment the number of homes retrofitted, and heat pumps installed to date as part of the National Retrofitting Programme; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [15281/26]

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Written answers

In the period 2019 to end 2025, the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) schemes have provided almost €1.7 billion in support to homeowners for 244,000 home energy improvements, including almost 32,700 fully funded upgrades for households at risk of energy poverty under the Warmer Homes Scheme, and 18,000 heat pump installations. In addition, the Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage funded more than 11,000 Local Authority retrofits to BER B2 level or cost optimal equivalent between 2021 and 2025, including the installation of some 9,300 heat pumps. This built on the 6,000 or so Local Authority shallow retrofits supported by my Department between 2019 and 2021.

Last month, Government published a new National Residential Retrofit Plan, including an enhanced set of measures to increase the delivery of home energy upgrades. My Department's National Development Plan Sectoral Capital Plan for 2026-2030 includes an allocation of up to €3.7 billion in carbon tax revenues to 2030 to support continuing ambitious delivery under this National Residential Retrofit Plan. These monies will be supplemented by other funding sources, including from the European Regional Development Fund.

The Budget 2026 allocation, a record capital budget of over €640 million for SEAI residential and community energy upgrade schemes, including the Solar PV Scheme, will support over 73,000 home energy upgrades this year.

Departmental Schemes

Questions (9)

Thomas Gould

Question:

9. Deputy Thomas Gould asked the Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment the reason grant applications for reverse vending machines have been closed; and whether grants will reopen for new businesses wishing to take part in this scheme. [15300/26]

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Written answers

Re-turn is a producer-led and owned, not-for-profit company established by beverage producers to meet their obligations under the Separate Collection (Deposit Return Scheme) Regulations.

Re-turn is responsible for all operational and funding matters relating to the Deposit Return Scheme, including grants for Reverse Vending Machines (RVM).

Re-turn has advised that the RVM Grant Scheme was established as a targeted measure to assist eligible small and medium sized retailers with the upfront cost of purchasing an RVM, offering grant support of up to €12,000 paid over 3 years. The scheme was open for applications until 31 December 2025 and was designed to accelerate the early national rollout of return infrastructure under the Deposit Return Scheme. Uptake on the grants was significant, and almost 700 retailers have been approved or have already received their initial payment under the scheme.

The grant scheme was not intended to operate on an open-ended basis, but rather to support rapid infrastructure rollout during the early phase of the Deposit Return Scheme. At present, there are no plans to reopen the RVM grant scheme for new applicants. New businesses can participate in the scheme by installing an RVM on a commercial basis or using manual take-back.

Re-turn continues to support retailers in meeting their statutory obligations and in expanding access to convenient return points nationwide. The need for grant support will be kept under review as the scheme progresses towards its 2029 collection targets.

Departmental Expenditure

Questions (10)

Sorca Clarke

Question:

10. Deputy Sorca Clarke asked the Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment the proportion of Ireland’s climate finance that is delivered in the form of grants versus loans [15401/26]

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Written answers

Ireland’s international climate finance is provided by four funding Departments, namely the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, the Department of Climate, Energy and the Environment, the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine and the Department of Finance. All of Ireland's international climate finance is grants-based at point of distribution.

My Department's climate finance prioritises funding to the multilateral climate funds, specifically the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and the Global Environment Fund (GEF), in addition to multi-doner pooled funds, such as the NDC Partnership, and multilateral bodies, such as the UNFCCC and UNEP.

Climate finance remains central to Ireland’s international climate diplomacy. At COP26, the Taoiseach set a target of providing at least €225 million in international climate finance to developing countries annually, by 2025. This is more than double what was provided in 2020. All indications show that this target was reached in 2025.

Departmental Schemes

Questions (11)

Michael Cahill

Question:

11. Deputy Michael Cahill asked the Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment if he will support an application under the climate action scheme by a club in County Kerry (details supplied); and if he will make a statement on the matter. [15515/26]

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Written answers

The Community Climate Action Programme (CCAP) aims to support and empower communities, in partnership with their Local Authority, to shape and build low carbon, sustainable communities in a coherent way and thereby to contribute to national climate and energy targets.

Strand 1 of the CCAP will provide €50.9M in funding across two phases to Local Authorities to partner with community groups to run projects that will contribute to national climate and energy targets. It provides an administration contribution to each Local Authority towards the cost of a Community Climate Action Officer (CCAO) in each Local Authority to liaise with grantees and assist them in ensuring project completion.

All applications, requests for extensions, and other queries must be applied for through the Community Climate Action Officer in the grantee's Local Authority. Grant agreements are between the Local Authority and the community group, who are working in partnership to complete the projects and changes must be agreed between the two parties to the agreement. Any information in relation to a specific application should be sought from the relevant Local Authority.

Departmental Reviews

Questions (12)

Roderic O'Gorman

Question:

12. Deputy Roderic O'Gorman asked the Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment for an update on the land use review; the stage it is currently at; when it is expected to be published; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [15564/26]

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Written answers

The Final Report for Phase 2 of the national land use review, entitled A Living Land, was received by the Minister for Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Martin Heydon; the Minister of State at Housing, Local Government and Heritage, Christopher O'Sullivan; and myself for our consideration in May 2025.

Following receipt of the Final Report, I was briefed on Phase 2 of the Review by Geraldine Tallon, who acted as the independent Chair of the Oversight Group. It is important to note that this is a review of Ireland’s land use, not an articulation of government policy or strategy in relation to land use.

Following our consideration and further discussion at broader Government level, it was agreed that wider consideration of the final Report across Government is necessary. This process is currently underway.

Renewable Energy Generation

Questions (13)

Roderic O'Gorman

Question:

13. Deputy Roderic O'Gorman asked the Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment further to Parliamentary Question No. 250 of 27 January 2026, to provide an update on the 27 actions, highlighting which have been completed, which are ongoing and which have yet to be commenced; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [15566/26]

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Written answers

I refer to my response to Parliamentary Question No. 250 of 27 January 2026. As outlined, the Offshore Wind Delivery Taskforce (OWDT) comprises some 16 Government Departments and agencies working together with industry representatives to deliver on Ireland’s offshore wind ambitions. Each year a work programme review is undertaken, and an Annual Review is published which both reviews progress over the preceding year and sets out a number of key actions for the year ahead. My officials are currently completing the 2025 work programme review, following which an annual report for 2025 will be published.

As previously stated, some high-level offshore wind milestones from last year include:

• ongoing engagement with the planning process to progress 5 Phase One offshore wind projects that will deliver 3.8 GW of electricity capacity;

• publication of the Proposal and Public Participation Statement for a National Designated Maritime Area Plan (DMAP) for Offshore Renewable Energy;

• the successful ORESS auction of the Tonn Nua offshore wind development site;

• grid development including significant increases of funding announced via the National Development Plan and publication of CRU’s Price Review 6;

• completion of Port of Cork redevelopment works to accommodate construction and maintenance of offshore wind, and

• the launch of the ‘Clearing House’ for offshore wind.

The review process for the 2025 OWDT work programme is nearing completion with publication of the 2025 Annual Review with Key Actions for 2026 expected in Quarter 1 of this year.

Waste Management

Questions (14)

Roderic O'Gorman

Question:

14. Deputy Roderic O'Gorman asked the Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment if he will introduce an EPR charge for mattresses to avoid dumping in the landscape and to promote a circular economy, given that mattresses are not accepted at the Dublin Waste-to-Energy facility, and given the very successful experience of mattress EPR schemes in France, Belgium and the Netherlands; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [15579/26]

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Written answers

The Waste Action Plan for a Circular Economy (WAPCE) 2020-2025 undertook to examine the feasibility of introducing further Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) arrangements for bulky waste, including mattresses. Research carried out in 2021 by the Environmental Protection Agency, in partnership with Community Resources Network Ireland, indicated that EPR schemes may be an effective policy measure for improving collection and recycling of mattresses but that issues such as mattress design, use and end-of-life value also need to be considered to achieve better circularity.

Article 22(a)(2) of the revised Waste Framework Directive, which entered into force in October 2025, gives Member States the discretion to set up an EPR scheme for the producers of mattresses. In transposing this Directive, Ireland may decide to set up an EPR scheme for mattresses.

I note that the European Commission has identified mattresses as amongst the priority products for the 2025-2030 Working Plan for the Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation on the basis of their potential to promote a transition to a circular economy.

While in the immediate term, mattresses will continue to be managed within the current waste management system, the Department will update the WAPCE this year to ensure that the Plan aligns with and drives delivery of the new Whole of Government Circular Economy Strategy 2025-2030. The development of an EPR for mattresses will be considered as part of this update.

Enforcement actions, such as the Anti-Dumping Initiative (ADI) co-ordinated through the Waste Enforcement Lead Authorities, continue to play a role in tackling the illegal dumping of bulky waste. In particular, the ADI has provided funding for challenging waste streams such as mattresses.

Renewable Energy Generation

Questions (15)

Roderic O'Gorman

Question:

15. Deputy Roderic O'Gorman asked the Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment his views that balcony solar power generation should be promoted in Ireland given that 2 million systems have been successfully plugged in to German balconies over the past nine years without planning permission or professional installation; if he will discuss this with the relevant authorities with a view to amending any necessary guidelines; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [15586/26]

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Written answers

On 9 January 2026 the European Commission published a guidance note on the promotion of innovative technologies and forms of renewable energy deployment, including a section on plug-in mini solar systems.

Officials from my Department have engaged with stakeholders on the optional provisions in the New Electricity Market Design Directive (2024/1711), including the provision relating to plug-in mini solar systems, through an online consultation that ran from September to October 2024. Broadly speaking, responses to the optional provision to promote plug-in mini solar systems were negative. Concerns arose where such mini systems could be purchased and installed but do not meet the required manufacturing, installation, or operational standards. This was also noted in the European Commission Guidance Note (C/2026/17) on innovative technologies and forms of renewable energy deployment. It was noted that substandard systems might result in an elevated risk to health, safety, and the operation of the distribution network.

Current microgen supports are predicated on minimum safety and quality standards being adhered to, via a code of practice for such installations, including very clear electrical wiring standards. Plug-in mini solar systems by their very nature are portable, so it is difficult to predict how and in what circumstances they would be used. Some form of regulation may be needed were plug-in mini solar to be promoted.

In light of the potential safety and other issues arising, further consideration of this matter with relevant Agencies and Regulators, including with ESB Networks in its role as the system operator, is required.

Legislative Measures

Questions (16)

Roderic O'Gorman

Question:

16. Deputy Roderic O'Gorman asked the Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment if he will amend the Environment (Miscellaneous Provisions) Bill 2025 to ensure that the EPA make decisions within the specified periods, rather than merely endeavour to do so, in order to align with the requirement in the Planning & Development Act 2024 that An Coimisiún Pleanála shall make decisions within the specified periods. [15589/26]

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Written answers

The Environment (Miscellaneous Provisions) Bill 2025 is scheduled for Committee Stage in the Seanad today, 25 February, 2026 and I understand that such an amendment has been tabled. I look forward to the debate in the Seanad on this issue.

International Agreements

Questions (17)

Roderic O'Gorman

Question:

17. Deputy Roderic O'Gorman asked the Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment for an update on any and all actions taken in relation to Ireland's withdrawal from the Energy Charter Treaty since the decision agreement to withdraw by the previous Government; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [15592/26]

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Written answers

Ireland has begun the process of formal withdrawal from the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) in a coordinated manner alongside other EU Member States, following negotiations as part of a bloc, led by the EU Commission.

Each Member State has different rules regarding treaties, both the joining and exiting of them. In Ireland’s case, a decision to withdraw from an international treaty, such as the Energy Charter Treaty, is a matter of executive power under Article 29 of the Irish Constitution and will require a Government Decision.

Given her formal role in international treaties, a Memorandum for Government regarding the formal exit from the Treaty will be brought by my colleague the Minister for Foreign Affairs and this decision will formally end Ireland’s membership. My officials are currently working with colleagues in the Department of Foreign Affairs to expedite this process.

The Government is committed to exiting the ECT as soon as is practicable and I expect that the relevant Memorandum will be brought to Government in the near future. It is expected that the process of formally leaving the Treaty will be underway before the beginning of Ireland’s presidency.

Ireland is still a member of the Treaty and will remain so until we officially leave. However, the Government's position remains that Ireland will exit the Treaty.

Climate Action Plan

Questions (18)

Roderic O'Gorman

Question:

18. Deputy Roderic O'Gorman asked the Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment when he will publish the Climate Action Plan 2026; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [15598/26]

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Written answers

This Government is committed to delivering on Ireland’s responsibility to address the climate crisis and work remains ongoing across Government Departments to carry out climate mitigation efforts every day. In addition, the rollout of retrofitting, renewable energy deployment, and more affordable electric vehicles continues at pace.

Ireland now has the lowest level of GHG emissions in 35 years, which is notable given concurrent demographic and economic growth including an increase of approximately 1.5 million people, more than one million new homes and over one million extra vehicles on our roads.

We are making significant strides toward our target of 80% renewable energy by 2030 and we are now prioritising the development of offshore wind capacity. This Government has approved an unprecedented investment of €18.9 billion in Grid for the period 2026 – 2030 which is fundamental to the electrification of homes, businesses and transport. The 2025 ZEVI target for electrical vehicle sales of 195,000 was surpassed in October 2025. I have just announced an unprecedented package of new and enhanced grants for homeowners across the country who are looking to benefit from home energy upgrades under the National Residential Retrofit Plan.

Regarding the publication of the Climate Action Plan 2026, the Joint Committee on Climate, Environment and Energy has undertaken detailed scrutiny on the Climate Change Advisory Council’s proposals for the second Carbon Budget programme. Due to delays in the formation of new Oireachtas Committees in 2025, the work of the Joint Committee, and the delivery of its report, took place later than expected.

This Report, delivered in October of last year, outlines 38 comprehensive recommendations spanning multiple sectors extending beyond the budget proposals themselves. The Committee’s report will need to be carefully considered before any further proposals are brought to Government.

The carbon budgets have very significant implications for our economy and society. They need to be considered in the context of ensuring that affordability, competitiveness and energy security are paramount.

This process necessarily delays the completion of the next Climate Action Plan so that the plan can address the full Carbon Budget Programme. Work is underway on the plan, however, in anticipation of the outcome of the Carbon Budget process, with a view to bringing a draft to Government later this year.

The upcoming plan is intended to be a more targeted one, focusing on strategic, realistic, high-impact actions to be delivered over the course of the budget programme rather than annual actions, with short-term horizons. I have also emphasised the importance of focusing on delivery both of existing and planned actions and the Government supports this approach, including the new governance structures such as Climate Action Plan Programme Board and the reconstituted Climate Action Delivery Board.

In the interim, Climate Action Plan 2025, in tandem with its predecessor, Climate Action Plan 2024, remains in place and provides a strong framework for continued delivery of climate action across all sectors, as many of its commitments are multi annual in nature. Work remains ongoing across Government Departments to deliver on these commitments and carry out climate mitigation efforts every day.

Departmental Policies

Questions (19)

Roderic O'Gorman

Question:

19. Deputy Roderic O'Gorman asked the Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment to highlight the actions being taken by his Department to tackle the 30 barriers highlighted in the Joint Committee on Climate, Energy and the Environment report on the Barriers to Achieving Climate Targets; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [15599/26]

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Written answers

This Government is committed to delivering on Ireland’s responsibility to address the climate crisis and work remains ongoing across Government Departments to carry out climate mitigation efforts every day. In addition, the rollout of retrofitting programmes, renewable energy deployment, and more affordable electric vehicles continues at pace.

Ireland now has the lowest level of GHG emissions in 35 years which is notable given concurrent demographic and economic growth including an increase of approximately 1.5 million people, more than one million new homes and over one million extra vehicles on our roads.

We are making significant strides toward our target of 80% renewable energy by 2030 and we are now prioritising the development of offshore wind capacity. This Government has approved an unprecedented investment of €18.9 billion in Grid for the period 2026 – 2030 which is fundamental to the electrification of homes, businesses and transport. The 2025 ZEVI target for electrical vehicle sales of 195,000 was surpassed in October 2025 and I have just announced an unprecedented package of new and enhanced grants for homeowners across the country who are looking to benefit from home energy upgrades under the National Residential Retrofit Plan.

I welcome the publication of the "Report on Barriers to Achieving Climate Targets (2026-30)" by the Joint Committee on Climate, Environment and Energy which was released earlier this month.

The Committee engaged with stakeholders to identify what it considers to be 30 barriers inhibiting progress across five key sectors: Electricity, Agriculture, Transport, Business, and Construction. Addressing the matters raised requires a highly coordinated, whole-of-Government approach, as sectoral emissions ceilings and statutory responsibilities are distributed across various sectors of the economy.

In that regard, and in line with our Programme for Government commitment, enhanced implementation governance arrangements, to support coordinated and accelerated climate action delivery, have been put in place over the course of 2025 to streamline structures, ensure key strategic projects are supported and that corrective action is taken quickly where delivery is at risk.

I now chair the Climate Action Delivery Board (CADB), providing direct oversight to the work of this group and the Climate Action Programme Board (CAPPB) has also been established to provide co-ordinated oversight and strategic direction on the delivery of the Climate Action Plan. The Programme Board encompasses the chairs of climate delivery taskforces from across sectors to bring an overall cohesion and alignment to climate action, and to provide oversight and support to delivery taskforces in delivering their work programmes. These taskforces that report into the CAPPB are already working to address many of the issues raised in the report of the Committee. I can also confirm that the recommendations have been brought to the attention of the CAPPB for further consideration and to identify any gaps in the work programmes to address barriers to delivery in a coordinated manner across Government.

Departmental Expenditure

Questions (20)

Roderic O'Gorman

Question:

20. Deputy Roderic O'Gorman asked the Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment the way in which he intends on paying expected fines of between €3 and €26 billion for missing Ireland's EU climate and energy targets; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [15600/26]

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Written answers

Ireland has committed to meeting climate and energy targets under EU legislation including but not limited to: Effort Sharing Regulation; Land Use Land Use Change and Forestry Regulation; Renewable Energy Directive; and the Energy Efficiency Directive. It remains the preference of the Government to meet these targets through domestic action and investment, but there are a variety of compliance options available to Member States across the respective instruments.

With regard to climate targets, the EU framework does not provide for the imposition of direct fines or penalties. However, it does allow for the purchasing of surplus allowances from overperforming Member States which could have significant costs. Estimating these costs requires working with significant data limitations as, at this point, there is no established market or set cost for allowances. This was noted by the CCAC and IFAC in their report, which provided the range of costs that the Deputy refers to.

With our whole-of-Government approach, we are focused on achieving these targets by investing in transformational measures that will decarbonise our economy, and this has been significantly scaled up. This Government has approved an unprecedented investment of €18.9 billion in Grid for the period 2026 – 2030 which is fundamental to the electrification of homes, businesses and transport. We are making significant strides toward our target of 80% renewable energy by 2030 and we are now prioritising the development of offshore wind capacity. The rollout of retrofitting, renewable energy deployment, and more affordable electric vehicles also continues at pace.

In line with our Programme for Government commitment, enhanced implementation governance arrangements to support accelerated climate action delivery were put in place in 2025 to streamline structures, ensure key strategic projects are supported, and allow for corrective action to be taken quickly if delivery is at risk.

Artificial Intelligence

Questions (21)

Ged Nash

Question:

21. Deputy Ged Nash asked the Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment to set out the policy in his Department regarding the use of artificial intelligence; whether AI is used or permitted in drawing up policy documents, speeches, answers to parliamentary questions, press releases or for other official documents; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [15610/26]

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Written answers

My Department continues to take advice from the National Cyber Security Centre in respect of the use of AI. My Department does not currently use AI but it is actively exploring the opportunities and policy considerations available.

Defence Forces

Questions (22)

Willie O'Dea

Question:

22. Deputy Willie O'Dea asked the Minister for Defence if the maximum age limit to join the Defence Forces will be increased from 39 years of age; and if she will make a statement on the matter. [15214/26]

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Written answers

I am advised that the age limits for personnel wishing to enter the Defence Forces are as set out in Regulations made pursuant to the Defence Act 1954, as amended.

The nature of military service requires that the age profile of personnel in the Defence Forces be appropriately managed to ensure that capability requirements are met. In that context, the maximum recruitment age was increased in 2024 to 39 years of age for General Service Recruits, Cadets, and certain specialists. Additionally, the maximum recruitment age for Direct Entry Officer specialists was increased to 50.

I am also advised by Defence Forces management that conditions and eligibility criteria for entry to and for service in the Defence Forces, including the methodology used for assessments, are subject to continuous review and modification, having regard to the needs of the organisation, health and safety and the development of best practices.

Increases in the maximum recruitment ages is one of a number of key enabling measures introduced by Government to drive and support Defence Forces Recruitment. Other measures we have undertaken include the extension of private secondary healthcare to all personnel, the application of the provisions of the Working Time Directive across the Defence Forces subject to certain exemptions, increases to Patrol Duty allowance payable to Naval Service personnel at sea, and extension of the Naval Service tax credit to 2029.

In addition, there continues to be significant progress on pay with all personnel benefiting from a pay award delivered earlier this month with a further increase due in June.

I am pleased to say that these enabling measures are beginning to yield results. A total of 790 inductions were achieved in 2025, while the overall strength of the Permanent Defence Force grew by almost 200 personnel. Interest in a career in the Defence Forces continues to grow with overall application numbers increasing from a total of 9,479 in 2023 to a total of 16,510 applications last year. Opportunities for careers in the Defence Forces remain open via a diverse range of ongoing competitions including those for general service and for Direct Entry specialist roles, while the 2026 Cadetship competition is currently open for applications.

The Irish Defence Forces value diversity and inclusion and foster a culture of respect, dignity, and equality for all members.

Climate Action Plan

Questions (23)

Ciarán Ahern

Question:

23. Deputy Ciarán Ahern asked the Minister for Defence to provide details of all occasions in which she or her predecessors exercised the power conferred on them under Section 15(3) of the Climate Action & Low Carbon Development Act (2015), which states that ‘the relevant Minister may, from time to time, give a direction to a relevant body requiring it to adopt such measures as are specified in the direction for the purposes of compliance by the relevant body with subsection (1)’; to provide the details of the direction given in all cases; and if she will make a statement on the matter. [15239/26]

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Written answers

As Minister for Defence, I can confirm that Section 15(3) of the Climate Action and Low Carbon Development Act (2015) has not been invoked to date by either myself or my predecessors.

British-Irish Co-operation

Questions (24)

Aidan Farrelly

Question:

24. Deputy Aidan Farrelly asked the Minister for Defence if she has spoken with the UK Defence Secretary to date in 2026. [15445/26]

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Written answers

With regard to defence cooperation more generally, 2025 marked the tenth anniversary of the Memorandum of Understanding on aspects of defence cooperation between Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, which was signed by then Minister for Defence Simon Coveney and UK Defence Secretary Michael Fallon in 2015. In a joint statement following the UK-Ireland Summit in March of last year, Taoiseach Micheál Martin and Prime Minister Keir Starmer committed to “review and update the Memorandum of Understanding on Defence by our next Summit in this series” to “reflect the rebuilding and strengthening of our partnership”, and this remains a key intention of mine to progress.

While I have not yet had the opportunity to speak to my UK counterpart, Secretary Healey, yet this year, I hope to do so very soon.

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