Thursday, 15 Jan 2026

Parliamentary Questions

Thu, 15 Jan 2026

Dáil Éireann

34th Dáil

Vol. 1078 No. 6

Last updated: 11 Aug 2026, 03:10

Showing 24 Oral Questions and 570 Written Answers

Oral questions

Written answers

Written Answers Nos. 1-20
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 4)
- State Pensions (Question No. 14)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 15)
- Social Welfare Benefits (Question No. 16)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 17)
- State Pensions (Question No. 18)
- Employment Schemes (Question No. 19)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 20)
Written Answers Nos. 21-40
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 21)
- Youth Unemployment (Question No. 22)
- School Meals Programme (Question No. 23)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 24)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 25)
- Public Services Card (Question No. 26)
- Social Welfare Eligibility (Question No. 27)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 28)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 31)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 33)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 45)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 412)
- Social Welfare Eligibility (Question No. 29)
- Employment Schemes (Question No. 30)
- Social Welfare Eligibility (Question No. 32)
- Social Welfare Eligibility (Question No. 68)
- Social Welfare Eligibility (Question No. 69)
- Social Welfare Eligibility (Question No. 92)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 34)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 35)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 36)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 37)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 38)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 39)
- Pensions Reform (Question No. 40)
- Pensions Reform (Question No. 50)
- Pensions Reform (Question No. 56)
Written Answers Nos. 41-60
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 41)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 42)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 43)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 44)
- Social Welfare Offices (Question No. 46)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 47)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 48)
- Pensions Reform (Question No. 49)
- Pensions Reform (Question No. 51)
- Pensions Reform (Question No. 70)
- Pensions Reform (Question No. 76)
- Pensions Reform (Question No. 79)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 52)
- Child Poverty (Question No. 53)
- Social Welfare Code (Question No. 54)
- Covid-19 Pandemic Supports (Question No. 55)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 57)
- School Meals Programme (Question No. 58)
- Pensions Reform (Question No. 59)
- Pensions Reform (Question No. 93)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 60)
Written Answers Nos. 61-80
- Child Poverty (Question No. 61)
- Social Welfare Eligibility (Question No. 62)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 63)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 64)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 65)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 66)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 67)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 71)
- Social Welfare Eligibility (Question No. 72)
- Social Welfare Appeals (Question No. 73)
- Employment Schemes (Question No. 74)
- Dormant Accounts Fund (Question No. 75)
- School Meals Programme (Question No. 77)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 78)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 80)
Written Answers Nos. 81-100
- Departmental Priorities (Question No. 81)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 82)
- Fuel Poverty (Question No. 83)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 84)
- Social Welfare Code (Question No. 85)
- Official Engagements (Question No. 86)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 87)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 88)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 89)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 90)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 91)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 94)
Written Answers Nos. 101-120
- Road Projects (Question No. 107)
- Road Tolls (Question No. 108)
- Traffic Management (Question No. 109)
- Public Transport (Question No. 110)
- Public Transport (Question No. 111)
- Bus Services (Question No. 112)
- heading (Question No. 113)
- Road Projects (Question No. 114)
- Road Projects (Question No. 115)
- Electric Vehicles (Question No. 116)
- Public Transport (Question No. 117)
- Road Projects (Question No. 118)
- Electric Vehicles (Question No. 119)
- Road Tolls (Question No. 120)
- Road Tolls (Question No. 137)
Written Answers Nos. 121-140
- Public Transport (Question No. 121)
- Road Safety (Question No. 122)
- Road Safety (Question No. 174)
- Road Safety (Question No. 197)
- Road Safety (Question No. 209)
- Bus Services (Question No. 123)
- Rail Network (Question No. 124)
- Bus Services (Question No. 125)
- Road Traffic Accidents (Question No. 126)
- Bus Services (Question No. 127)
- Rail Network (Question No. 128)
- Rail Network (Question No. 129)
- Rail Network (Question No. 203)
- Road Projects (Question No. 130)
- Driver Test (Question No. 131)
- Driver Test (Question No. 142)
- Driver Licences (Question No. 132)
- Ports Policy (Question No. 133)
- Road Projects (Question No. 134)
- Road Projects (Question No. 135)
- Bus Services (Question No. 136)
- Public Transport (Question No. 138)
- Bus Services (Question No. 139)
- Bus Services (Question No. 212)
- Road Projects (Question No. 140)
Written Answers Nos. 141-160
- Aviation Industry (Question No. 141)
- Traffic Management (Question No. 143)
- Transport Policy (Question No. 144)
- Road Projects (Question No. 145)
- Road Projects (Question No. 146)
- Coast Guard Service (Question No. 147)
- Public Transport (Question No. 148)
- Electric Vehicles (Question No. 149)
- Public Transport (Question No. 150)
- Electric Vehicles (Question No. 151)
- Rail Network (Question No. 152)
- Rail Network (Question No. 153)
- Transport Policy (Question No. 154)
- Rail Network (Question No. 155)
- Traffic Management (Question No. 156)
- Bus Services (Question No. 157)
- Road Traffic Offences (Question No. 158)
- Road Traffic Offences (Question No. 241)
- Road Traffic Offences (Question No. 248)
- Road Traffic Offences (Question No. 249)
- Road Traffic Offences (Question No. 252)
- Road Traffic Offences (Question No. 253)
- Road Traffic Offences (Question No. 265)
- Road Traffic Offences (Question No. 268)
- Road Traffic Offences (Question No. 269)
- Road Traffic Offences (Question No. 270)
- Road Traffic Offences (Question No. 271)
- Road Traffic Offences (Question No. 272)
- Road Traffic Offences (Question No. 273)
- Road Traffic Offences (Question No. 274)
- Road Traffic Offences (Question No. 275)
- Road Traffic Offences (Question No. 276)
- Driver Test (Question No. 159)
- Driver Test (Question No. 214)
- Public Transport (Question No. 160)
Written Answers Nos. 161-180
- Transport Policy (Question No. 161)
- Bus Services (Question No. 162)
- Rail Network (Question No. 163)
- Public Transport (Question No. 164)
- Road Safety (Question No. 165)
- Rail Network (Question No. 166)
- Bus Services (Question No. 167)
- Road Tolls (Question No. 168)
- Rail Network (Question No. 169)
- Rail Network (Question No. 170)
- Bus Services (Question No. 171)
- Rail Network (Question No. 172)
- Bus Services (Question No. 173)
- Public Transport (Question No. 175)
- Bus Services (Question No. 176)
- Public Transport (Question No. 177)
- Road Safety Authority (Question No. 178)
- Rail Network (Question No. 179)
- Road Projects (Question No. 180)
Written Answers Nos. 181-200
- Transport Policy (Question No. 181)
- Road Network (Question No. 182)
- Greenways Provision (Question No. 183)
- Air Services (Question No. 184)
- Road Projects (Question No. 185)
- Road Tolls (Question No. 186)
- Public Transport (Question No. 187)
- Taxi Regulations (Question No. 188)
- Road Tolls (Question No. 189)
- Road Projects (Question No. 190)
- Rail Network (Question No. 191)
- Bus Services (Question No. 192)
- Bus Services (Question No. 193)
- Road Projects (Question No. 194)
- Public Transport (Question No. 195)
- Bus Services (Question No. 196)
- Rail Network (Question No. 198)
- Bus Services (Question No. 199)
- Bus Services (Question No. 200)
Written Answers Nos. 201-220
- Transport Policy (Question No. 201)
- Rail Network (Question No. 202)
- Electric Vehicles (Question No. 204)
- Rail Network (Question No. 205)
- Public Transport (Question No. 206)
- Bus Services (Question No. 207)
- Rail Network (Question No. 208)
- Coast Guard Service (Question No. 210)
- Rail Network (Question No. 211)
- Rail Network (Question No. 238)
- Road Projects (Question No. 213)
- Departmental Advertising (Question No. 215)
- National Archives (Question No. 216)
- Middle East (Question No. 217)
- Human Rights (Question No. 218)
- Food Waste (Question No. 219)
- Departmental Policies (Question No. 220)
Written Answers Nos. 221-240
- Departmental Advertising (Question No. 231)
- Road Traffic Offences (Question No. 232)
- Electric Vehicles (Question No. 233)
- Road Traffic Offences (Question No. 234)
- Airport Policy (Question No. 235)
- Public Transport (Question No. 236)
- Bus Services (Question No. 237)
- Electric Vehicles (Question No. 239)
- Public Transport (Question No. 240)
Written Answers Nos. 241-261
- Transport Policy (Question No. 242)
- Road Projects (Question No. 243)
- Transport Policy (Question No. 244)
- Traffic Management (Question No. 245)
- Traffic Management (Question No. 246)
- Bus Services (Question No. 247)
- Rail Network (Question No. 250)
- Bus Services (Question No. 251)
- Penalty Points System (Question No. 254)
- Penalty Points System (Question No. 255)
- Penalty Points System (Question No. 256)
- Road Projects (Question No. 257)
- Traffic Management (Question No. 258)
- Road Network (Question No. 259)
- Greenways Provision (Question No. 260)
- Greenways Provision (Question No. 261)
Written Answers Nos. 262-280
- Greenways Provision (Question No. 262)
- Ports Policy (Question No. 263)
- Public Sector Pensions (Question No. 264)
- Rail Network (Question No. 266)
- Departmental Advertising (Question No. 267)
- Bus Services (Question No. 277)
- Rail Network (Question No. 278)
- Road Safety (Question No. 279)
- Road Projects (Question No. 280)
Written Answers Nos. 281-300
- Electric Vehicles (Question No. 281)
- Transport Policy (Question No. 282)
- Transport Policy (Question No. 283)
- Active Travel (Question No. 284)
- Flexible Work Practices (Question No. 285)
- Greenways Provision (Question No. 286)
- Road Network (Question No. 287)
- Road Network (Question No. 288)
- Bus Services (Question No. 289)
- Road Projects (Question No. 290)
- Rail Network (Question No. 291)
- Rail Network (Question No. 292)
- Road Traffic Offences (Question No. 293)
- National Car Test (Question No. 294)
- Public Transport (Question No. 295)
- Bus Services (Question No. 296)
- Public Transport (Question No. 297)
- Rail Network (Question No. 298)
- Driver Licences (Question No. 299)
- Driver Licences (Question No. 300)
- Driver Licences (Question No. 301)
Written Answers Nos. 301-320
- Taxi Regulations (Question No. 302)
- Taxi Licences (Question No. 303)
- Driver Test (Question No. 304)
- Bus Services (Question No. 305)
- Taxi Regulations (Question No. 306)
- Driver Test (Question No. 307)
- Driver Test (Question No. 308)
- Taxi Regulations (Question No. 309)
- Tax Collection (Question No. 310)
- Tax Reliefs (Question No. 311)
- Insurance Industry (Question No. 312)
- Illicit Trade (Question No. 313)
- Financial Services (Question No. 314)
- Departmental Advertising (Question No. 315)
- Tax Data (Question No. 316)
- Flood Risk Management (Question No. 317)
- Flood Risk Management (Question No. 318)
- State Bodies (Question No. 319)
- Office of Public Works (Question No. 320)
Written Answers Nos. 321-340
- Departmental Advertising (Question No. 321)
- Artificial Intelligence (Question No. 322)
- Job Losses (Question No. 323)
- Departmental Advertising (Question No. 324)
- Business Supports (Question No. 325)
- Business Supports (Question No. 326)
- Enterprise Support Services (Question No. 327)
- Enterprise Support Services (Question No. 328)
- School Textbooks (Question No. 329)
- Irish Language (Question No. 330)
- Special Educational Needs (Question No. 331)
- Schools Building Projects (Question No. 332)
- Special Educational Needs (Question No. 333)
- School Funding (Question No. 334)
- Oideachas trí Ghaeilge (Question No. 335)
- Oiliúint Múinteoirí (Question No. 336)
- Oiliúint Múinteoirí (Question No. 337)
- Oiliúint Múinteoirí (Question No. 338)
- Special Educational Needs (Question No. 339)
- Departmental Advertising (Question No. 340)
Written Answers Nos. 341-360
- School Accommodation (Question No. 341)
- Pupil-Teacher Ratio (Question No. 342)
- Pupil-Teacher Ratio (Question No. 343)
- School Staff (Question No. 344)
- School Staff (Question No. 345)
- School Enrolments (Question No. 346)
- School Enrolments (Question No. 347)
- School Transport (Question No. 348)
- Special Educational Needs (Question No. 349)
- Special Educational Needs (Question No. 350)
- School Enrolments (Question No. 351)
- School Funding (Question No. 352)
- School Accommodation (Question No. 353)
- School Accommodation (Question No. 354)
- Special Educational Needs (Question No. 355)
- School Accommodation (Question No. 356)
- School Accommodation (Question No. 358)
- School Staff (Question No. 357)
- Schools Administration (Question No. 359)
- State Examinations (Question No. 360)
Written Answers Nos. 361-386
- School Curriculum (Question No. 361)
- Educational Disadvantage (Question No. 362)
- Educational Disadvantage (Question No. 363)
- Postal Services (Question No. 364)
- Sports Events (Question No. 365)
- Sports Events (Question No. 366)
- Public Sector Pensions (Question No. 367)
- Media Sector (Question No. 368)
- Sports Funding (Question No. 369)
- Departmental Advertising (Question No. 370)
- Arts Funding (Question No. 371)
- Sports Facilities (Question No. 372)
- Sports Facilities (Question No. 373)
- National Broadband Plan (Question No. 374)
- Gaeltacht Policy (Question No. 375)
- Housing Schemes (Question No. 376)
- Housing Policy (Question No. 377)
- Housing Policy (Question No. 378)
- Housing Schemes (Question No. 379)
- Compulsory Purchase Orders (Question No. 380)
- National Parks and Wildlife Service (Question No. 381)
- Housing Policy (Question No. 382)
- Legislative Measures (Question No. 383)
- Legislative Measures (Question No. 384)
- Legislative Measures (Question No. 385)
- Legislative Measures (Question No. 386)
Written Answers Nos. 387-409
- Planning Issues (Question No. 387)
- Planning Issues (Question No. 388)
- Housing Schemes (Question No. 389)
- Housing Schemes (Question No. 390)
- Housing Schemes (Question No. 391)
- Housing Schemes (Question No. 392)
- Housing Schemes (Question No. 393)
- Septic Tanks (Question No. 394)
- Planning Issues (Question No. 395)
- Planning Issues (Question No. 402)
- Departmental Advertising (Question No. 396)
- Commercial Rates (Question No. 397)
- Planning Issues (Question No. 398)
- Housing Provision (Question No. 399)
- Housing Schemes (Question No. 400)
- Archaeological Sites (Question No. 401)
- Housing Policy (Question No. 403)
- Local Authorities (Question No. 404)
- State Pensions (Question No. 405)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 406)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 445)
- Official Engagements (Question No. 407)
- Official Engagements (Question No. 408)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 409)
Written Answers Nos. 410-430
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 410)
- Youth Unemployment (Question No. 411)
- School Meals Programme (Question No. 413)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 414)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 415)
- Social Welfare Appeals (Question No. 416)
- Pensions Reform (Question No. 417)
- Pensions Reform (Question No. 418)
- Pensions Reform (Question No. 419)
- Pensions Reform (Question No. 420)
- Pensions Reform (Question No. 421)
- Pensions Reform (Question No. 422)
- Pensions Reform (Question No. 423)
- Pensions Reform (Question No. 424)
- Pensions Reform (Question No. 425)
- Pensions Reform (Question No. 426)
- Social Welfare Eligibility (Question No. 427)
- Social Welfare Eligibility (Question No. 428)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 429)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 430)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 431)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 432)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 436)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 446)
Written Answers Nos. 431-450
- Departmental Advertising (Question No. 433)
- Social Welfare Eligibility (Question No. 434)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 435)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 437)
- Social Welfare Offices (Question No. 438)
- Employment Schemes (Question No. 439)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 440)
- State Pensions (Question No. 441)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 442)
- Social Welfare Eligibility (Question No. 443)
- Social Welfare Payments (Question No. 444)
- Naturalisation Applications (Question No. 447)
- Naturalisation Applications (Question No. 448)
- Visa Applications (Question No. 449)
- Departmental Data (Question No. 450)
Written Answers Nos. 451-470
- Prison Service (Question No. 451)
- Domestic, Sexual and Gender-based Violence (Question No. 452)
- Prison Service (Question No. 453)
- Prison Service (Question No. 454)
- International Protection (Question No. 455)
- Intelligence Sharing (Question No. 456)
- Legislative Measures (Question No. 457)
- International Protection (Question No. 458)
- Departmental Advertising (Question No. 459)
- An Garda Síochána (Question No. 460)
- Visa Applications (Question No. 461)
- An Garda Síochána (Question No. 462)
- Departmental Data (Question No. 463)
- An Garda Síochána (Question No. 464)
- An Garda Síochána (Question No. 465)
- An Garda Síochána (Question No. 466)
- An Garda Síochána (Question No. 467)
- Penalty Points System (Question No. 468)
- Penalty Points System (Question No. 469)
- Penalty Points System (Question No. 470)
Written Answers Nos. 471-491
- Road Traffic Offences (Question No. 471)
- Visa Applications (Question No. 472)
- An Garda Síochána (Question No. 473)
- Crime Prevention (Question No. 474)
- Family Reunification (Question No. 475)
- Departmental Data (Question No. 476)
- Agriculture Schemes (Question No. 477)
- Agriculture Schemes (Question No. 478)
- Farm Inspections (Question No. 479)
- Farm Inspections (Question No. 480)
- Forestry Sector (Question No. 481)
- Harbours and Piers (Question No. 482)
- Departmental Advertising (Question No. 483)
- Greyhound Industry (Question No. 484)
- Horse Racing Industry (Question No. 485)
- Horse Racing Industry (Question No. 486)
- Horse Racing Industry (Question No. 487)
- Greyhound Industry (Question No. 488)
- Food Safety (Question No. 489)
- Disability Services (Question No. 490)
- Disability Services (Question No. 491)
Written Answers Nos. 492-517
- Disability Services (Question No. 492)
- Disabilities Assessments (Question No. 493)
- Equality Issues (Question No. 494)
- Special Educational Needs (Question No. 495)
- Departmental Funding (Question No. 496)
- Early Childhood Care and Education (Question No. 497)
- Youth Services (Question No. 498)
- Youth Services (Question No. 499)
- Departmental Advertising (Question No. 500)
- Child and Family Agency (Question No. 501)
- Early Childhood Care and Education (Question No. 502)
- Disability Services (Question No. 503)
- Childcare Services (Question No. 504)
- Mother and Baby Homes (Question No. 505)
- Mother and Baby Homes (Question No. 506)
- Immigration Policy (Question No. 507)
- General Practitioner Services (Question No. 508)
- Hospital Appointments Status (Question No. 509)
- Emergency Departments (Question No. 510)
- Hospital Services (Question No. 511)
- Hospital Services (Question No. 512)
- Health Services Waiting Lists (Question No. 513)
- Hospital Equipment (Question No. 514)
- Hospital Equipment (Question No. 515)
- Cancer Services (Question No. 516)
- Hospital Appointments Status (Question No. 517)
Written Answers Nos. 518-539
- Legislative Measures (Question No. 518)
- Legislative Measures (Question No. 519)
- Legislative Measures (Question No. 520)
- Legislative Measures (Question No. 521)
- Legislative Measures (Question No. 522)
- Health Promotion (Question No. 523)
- Hospital Services (Question No. 524)
- Primary Care Services (Question No. 525)
- Insurance Industry (Question No. 526)
- Insurance Industry (Question No. 527)
- Insurance Industry (Question No. 528)
- Hospital Services (Question No. 529)
- Mental Health Services (Question No. 530)
- Mental Health Services (Question No. 531)
- Mental Health Services (Question No. 532)
- Mental Health Services (Question No. 533)
- Hospital Staff (Question No. 534)
- Departmental Correspondence (Question No. 535)
- Assisted Human Reproduction (Question No. 536)
- Patient Safety (Question No. 537)
- Patient Safety (Question No. 538)
- Patient Safety (Question No. 539)
- Patient Safety (Question No. 540)
- Patient Safety (Question No. 541)
- Patient Safety (Question No. 542)
- Patient Safety (Question No. 543)
- Patient Safety (Question No. 544)
- Patient Safety (Question No. 545)
- Patient Safety (Question No. 546)
- Patient Safety (Question No. 547)
- Patient Safety (Question No. 548)
- Patient Safety (Question No. 549)
- Patient Safety (Question No. 550)
- Patient Safety (Question No. 551)
- Patient Safety (Question No. 552)
- Patient Safety (Question No. 574)
- Patient Safety (Question No. 575)
- Patient Safety (Question No. 576)
- Patient Safety (Question No. 577)
- Patient Safety (Question No. 578)
- Patient Safety (Question No. 579)
- Patient Safety (Question No. 580)
- Patient Safety (Question No. 581)
- Patient Safety (Question No. 582)
Written Answers Nos. 540-559
- Hospital Procedures (Question No. 553)
- Patient Safety (Question No. 554)
- Departmental Advertising (Question No. 555)
- Health Services (Question No. 556)
- Health Services (Question No. 557)
- Hospital Staff (Question No. 558)
- Hospital Staff (Question No. 559)
Written Answers Nos. 560-578
- Hospital Staff (Question No. 560)
- Hospital Staff (Question No. 561)
- Hospital Staff (Question No. 562)
- Hospital Staff (Question No. 563)
- Hospital Staff (Question No. 564)
- Hospital Staff (Question No. 565)
- Hospital Staff (Question No. 566)
- Hospital Staff (Question No. 567)
- Hospital Waiting Lists (Question No. 568)
- Dental Services (Question No. 569)
- Mental Health Services (Question No. 570)
- Charitable and Voluntary Organisations (Question No. 571)
- Mental Health Services (Question No. 572)
- Primary Care Centres (Question No. 573)
Written Answers Nos. 579-601
- Patient Safety (Question No. 583)
- Health Services Staff (Question No. 584)
- Hospital Staff (Question No. 585)
- Hospital Staff (Question No. 586)
- Hospital Staff (Question No. 587)
- Nursing Homes (Question No. 588)
- Health Services (Question No. 589)
- Hospice Services (Question No. 590)
- Hospice Services (Question No. 591)
- Hospice Services (Question No. 592)
- Hospice Services (Question No. 593)
- Hospice Services (Question No. 594)
- Home Care Packages (Question No. 595)
- First Aid Training (Question No. 596)
- Domestic, Sexual and Gender-based Violence (Question No. 597)
- Patient Transport (Question No. 598)
- Grant Payments (Question No. 599)
- Grant Payments (Question No. 600)
Written Answers Nos. 602-605
- Flexible Work Practices (Question No. 602)
- Rural Schemes (Question No. 603)
- Rural Schemes (Question No. 604)
- Departmental Advertising (Question No. 605)